13 Causes of the French Revolution Explained
Reading Time: 14 minutes There was no one cause of the French Revolution. Multiple political, economic, social, and intellectual forces were at work,…
Reading Time: 14 minutes 
Reading Time: 14 minutes How the Spanish Civil War Reshaped Europe on the Eve of WWII
Reading Time: 16 minutes A War That Was Never Just Spanish Between 1936 and 1939, the Spanish Civil War was fought between a…
Mao Zedong’s China: A Journey from Hope to Havoc
Reading Time: 19 minutes When Mao Zedong stood atop Tiananmen Gate and announced the creation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,…
Joaquin Murrieta: The Mexican Robin Hood of the Gold Rush
Reading Time: 15 minutes Joaquin Murrieta was one of California’s most notorious and controversial Gold Rush-era figures. He was reputedly either a cruel…
The War of 1812: Causes, Battles, and Lasting Impact
Reading Time: 24 minutes Buried in the shadow of the Revolution and the Civil War, the War of 1812 has often been labeled…
How Otto von Bismarck Shaped the Destiny of the German Empire
Reading Time: 19 minutes Otto von Bismarck, who rose to power in the middle of the 19th century, was one of the most…
Martin Luther and the Reformation That Remade Europe
Reading Time: 20 minutes It is hard to separate Martin Luther from the Reformation, or both of them from the crisis of Europe…
Garibaldi and the Popular Unification of Italy
Reading Time: 25 minutes In the early 1800s, Italy was not a country, but a collection of kingdoms, duchies, and provinces ruled by…
Combahee River Raid: The Civil War’s Boldest Rescue
Reading Time: 15 minutes The Combahee River Raid took place under the cover of predawn on June 2, 1863, when a fleet of…
A Throne on the Run: Portugal’s Atlantic Exodus
Reading Time: 12 minutes Europe was at war. Napoleon had his eyes set upon Portugal. The Napoleonic Wars had unleashed a rolling crisis…
